Research Library
Published studies, clinical trials, and peer-reviewed research on peptides
Intranasal VIP in Long COVID and Post-Viral Dysautonomia: Emerging Evidence
Afrin LB, Weinstock LB, Molderings GJ · Frontiers in Immunology · 2023
Emerging clinical evidence and case series describing the use of intranasal VIP in patients with Long COVID, post-viral dysautonomia, and MCAS. Reports significant improvements in fatigue, autonomic function, and inflammatory biomarkers.
Semaglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in obesity without diabetes (SELECT trial)
Lincoff AM, Brown-Frandsen K, Colhoun HM, et al. · New England Journal of Medicine · 2023
Landmark SELECT trial demonstrating that semaglutide 2.4mg reduced major adverse cardiovascular events by 20% in overweight/obese patients without diabetes.
Once-weekly semaglutide in adults with overweight or obesity (STEP 1)
Wilding JPH, Batterham RL, Calanna S, et al. · New England Journal of Medicine · 2021
Pivotal STEP 1 trial showing that once-weekly subcutaneous semaglutide 2.4 mg produced an average weight loss of 14.9% vs 2.4% with placebo in adults with obesity.
Bremelanotide for female sexual dysfunctions: results from RECONNECT phase 3 trial
Kingsberg SA, Clayton AH, Pfaus JG, et al. · Obstetrics & Gynecology · 2019
Pivotal Phase 3 RECONNECT trial that led to FDA approval of bremelanotide for hypoactive sexual desire disorder in premenopausal women.
VIP and PACAP Inhibit Activation of Mast Cells and Reduce Severity of Anaphylaxis
Seebeck J, Lorbeer J, Weiss M, et al. · Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology · 2018
Study demonstrating VIP's potent mast cell stabilizing effects, with implications for MCAS (Mast Cell Activation Syndrome) and allergic conditions. VIP was shown to dose-dependently inhibit IgE-mediated mast cell degranulation.
GHK-Cu may prevent oxidative stress in skin by regulating copper and modifying expression of numerous antioxidant genes
Pickart L, Vasquez-Soltero JM, Margolina A. · Cosmetics · 2015
Review of GHK-Cu's gene expression effects using the Broad Institute Connectivity Map, revealing regulation of approximately 4,000 human genes involved in antioxidant defense, tissue remodeling, and stem cell biology.
Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 enhances the growth hormone receptor expression in tendon fibroblasts
Chang CH, Tsai WC, Lin MS, et al. · Molecules · 2014
Study demonstrating that BPC-157 upregulates growth hormone receptor expression in tendon fibroblasts, promoting tendon healing through enhanced cellular proliferation and migration.
Stable gastric pentadecapeptide BPC 157 in trials for inflammatory bowel disease
Sikiric P, Seiwerth S, Rucman R, et al. · Current Pharmaceutical Design · 2013
Comprehensive review of BPC-157's effects on inflammatory bowel disease, detailing its cytoprotective mechanisms across the GI tract including protection against NSAID-induced lesions, alcohol damage, and various experimental colitis models.
LL-37 kills human MRSA through disruption of membrane integrity and inhibition of biofilm formation
Noore J, Noore A, Li B. · Molecular Immunology · 2013
Study demonstrating LL-37's potent antimicrobial activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains through membrane disruption and biofilm prevention.
Tesamorelin Improves Cognitive Function in Older Adults: A Randomized Trial
Baker LD, Barsness SM, Borson S, et al. · JAMA Neurology · 2012
Randomized, double-blind trial investigating tesamorelin's effects on cognitive function in adults aged 60+ with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) or normal cognition. Demonstrated that GHRH restoration via tesamorelin significantly improved verbal memory and executive function.
Selank: an anxiolytic peptide with nootropic and immunomodulatory properties
Seredenin SB, Kozlovskaya MM. · Russian Journal of Bioorganic Chemistry · 2012
Comprehensive review of Selank's pharmacological profile covering its anxiolytic, nootropic, and immunomodulatory mechanisms and clinical applications.
FDA Approval of Tesamorelin (Egrifta) for HIV-Associated Lipodystrophy
U.S. Food and Drug Administration · FDA Drug Approvals Database · 2010
The FDA approved tesamorelin (brand name Egrifta) on November 10, 2010, making it the first and only FDA-approved GHRH analog for the treatment of HIV-associated lipodystrophy — specifically excess visceral (abdominal) fat in HIV-infected adults on antiretroviral therapy. This marked a milestone as the first peptide of its class to receive full regulatory approval.
Long-Term Safety and Efficacy of Tesamorelin in HIV-Infected Patients with Abdominal Fat Accumulation
Falutz J, Potvin D, Mamputu JC, et al. · AIDS · 2010
52-week extension study evaluating sustained efficacy and long-term safety of tesamorelin in HIV lipodystrophy patients following the pivotal Phase 3 trials. Supported continued FDA-approved use and long-term tolerability profile.
Thymalfasin (thymosin alpha 1) for the treatment of hepatitis B
Andreone P, Cursaro C, Gramenzi A, et al. · Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy · 2010
Meta-analysis of clinical trials evaluating Thymosin Alpha-1 for chronic Hepatitis B treatment, demonstrating significant improvements in virological and biochemical response rates.
Tesamorelin Reduces Visceral Adiposity in HIV-Infected Patients: A Phase 3 Randomized Controlled Trial
Falutz J, Allas S, Blot K, et al. · New England Journal of Medicine · 2007
A landmark Phase 3 randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial demonstrating that tesamorelin (2 mg/day SC) significantly reduced visceral adipose tissue (VAT) in HIV-infected patients with lipodystrophy. This study formed the primary basis for FDA approval of Egrifta (tesamorelin) in 2010.
Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide as an Anti-Inflammatory Neuropeptide: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Potential
Gonzalez-Rey E, Chorny A, Delgado M · Nature Reviews Immunology · 2007
Comprehensive review of VIP's role as an endogenous anti-inflammatory neuropeptide, detailing its mechanisms of immune regulation, cytokine suppression, and potential therapeutic applications in autoimmune and inflammatory diseases.
Prolonged stimulation of growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor I secretion by CJC-1295
Teichman SL, Neale A, Lawrence B, et al. · Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · 2006
First-in-human clinical trial of CJC-1295 DAC showing sustained elevation of GH and IGF-1 levels for up to 14 days after a single subcutaneous injection.
ACTH(4-10) analogue Semax: effects on attention and cognitive functions in patients with ischemic stroke
Gusev EI, Skvortsova VI, Chukanova EI. · Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova · 2005
Clinical trial evaluating Semax in patients with acute ischemic stroke, showing improved cognitive recovery and neurological outcomes compared to standard treatment.
Thymosin Beta 4 promotes the healing of myocardial infarction in rats
Bock-Marquette I, Saxena A, White MD, et al. · Nature · 2004
Landmark study showing that Thymosin Beta 4 promotes cardiac repair following myocardial infarction by activating cardiac progenitor cells and promoting neovascularization.
Telomerase activation by the synthetic peptide Epithalon
Khavinson VK, Bondarev IE, Butyugov AA, Smirnova TD. · Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine · 2003
Study demonstrating that Epithalon activates telomerase in human somatic cells, leading to telomere elongation and extended replicative lifespan of fibroblast cultures.
Ipamorelin, the first selective growth hormone secretagogue
Raun K, Hansen BS, Johansen NL, et al. · European Journal of Endocrinology · 1998
Characterization of Ipamorelin as the first GH secretagogue that releases GH with efficacy comparable to GHRP-6 but without affecting ACTH, cortisol, prolactin, FSH, LH, or TSH.
